Assignment #3: Post Modernist Literature /Mariela Pizarro/level 800

ANSWERINGS:

1. I chose these writing because I am interested in knowing how much the technology and the media can influence the human life troughout the history: The assassination of Jessie James by The Coward Robert Ford! by Ron Hansen. When I started reading this historical drama, I remember my father watching this type of films! By other hand, I love novel which contain historical drama since they engage me with its action and suspence.
"Crash" by James Graham Ballard. I chose this reading because I am interested to know how a person can be influence by the media and technology.

2. Yes, these writings are a good example of post-modernist literature since their major themes are the claim of the individual to preserve the autonomy and the individuality of his existence in the face of overwhelming social forces, of historical heritage, of external culture, and of the technique of life.

3. The most facinating and interesting reading were Walden and civil disobedience both interpret the necessity of scaping from big and material cities in which the money, the material things, the technology are more important than spiritual values. Both writings reflect about how people lived in 19th century.

4. My favorite period is Victorian literature because the writings of that era tend to come closer to daily life which reflects its practical problems and interests Whatmore, Authors, reveal people's doubts and pessimism toward the influence of science . It was an idealistic period where the idealistic ideals like truth, justice, love, brotherhood were emphasized by poets, essayists (Henry Thoreau) and novelist of the age.

Assignment #1: Victorian Literature

1. I read the Henry Thoreau's writings: "WALDEN" AND "CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE"

2. SIMILITUDES: Literature of Victorian period and Thoreau's writing captures the contradictory ambitions, ambivalence, rationalizations and protests, fears and emotions that fueled an imaginary and actual empires.

Thoreau's writings are political thoughts and feelings against the administration's abuses within matirial societies of that period. Lines show political, social and enviorioments problems. The power of the rish societies on poor societies as well as the victims of this material and political problems.


3. Y es, they are! because Thoreau's writing were written in nine-teenth century, in a difficult political context. His books describe a material society, abuses, necessities. They let us know, the rish people's power and their influence on poor people.


4. Yes, I recommend these writings to everybody because they would help us to become more conscious and responsible in our lives.

WALDEN'S PASSAGE

I WENT TO THE WOODS BECAUSE

I WISHED TO LIVE DELIBERATELY...

WE LIVE BUT A FRACTION OF OUR LIVES...

OUR LIFE IS FRITTERED AWAY BY DETAIL...SIMPLIFY....SIMPLIFY

LET YOUR CAPITAL BE SIMPLICITY AND CONTENTMENT...

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE PASSAGE


"WHO ARE MORE INTERESTED IN COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE THAN THEY ARE IN

HUMANITY, AND ARE NOT PREPARED TO DO JUSTICE TO THE SLAVE AND TO MEXICO,

COST IT WHAT MAY......THERE ARE THOUNSANDS WHO ARE IN OPPINION OPPOSED


TO SLAVERY AND TO THE WAR. WHO YET IN EFFECT DO NOTHINGTO PUT AN END TO

THEM"...

...Paying taxes is one way in which otherwise well-meaning people collaborate in

injustice. People who proclaim that the war in Mexico is wrong and that it is wrong to

enforce slavery contradict themselves if they fund both things by puying taxes...

Assignments/Shakespeare and Early Modern English/ Mariela Pizarro/Vinska Sandoval/level 700

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_English
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_English
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakepeare
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses

1. Define and explain, The Great Vowel Shift.

Great Vowel Shift: Major changes in Middle English long vowels, loss of vowel length; long vowels came to be pronounced in higher position, the highest were diphthongized. This means that the vowel in the English word date was in Middle English pronounced as [aː] similar to Modern English dart. The word date in Middle English as long vowel in Modern English is pronounced as diphthongized ei.

Pronunciation of Middle English:

Feet was pronounced as [eː] similar modern fate
Wipe was pronounced as [iː] similar to modern weep
Long [e] and then to modern English [i] beak.

2. Name 5 dialects of Modern English.

American English, Australian English, British English, Canadian English, Caribbean English.

3. One of the problems with Early Modern English was a lack of uniformity in spelling. Which 2 people (1-English, 1-American) helped establish standardized spelling?

There were two men, helped to establish standardized spelling: Noah Webster and the England and Samuel Johnson.

4. How many countries in the world have given Modern English official status?

About twelve within them are: United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, and Southern Africa.

5. The most recent statistics show that approximately how many people speak Modern English as a:I. First language? II. Second Language?

There are over 508 million of speakers of English Language speakers of English as a first or second language as of 1199.

6. When was Early Modern English spoken?

It was used from about the end of the Middle English period (the latter half of the 15th century) to 1650.

7. How are the uses of Pronouns different between Early Modern & Modern English?

case Old English Middle English Modern English
sg nominative þu thou you
accusative þe thee you
dative þe thee you
genitive þin thy/thine your
pl nominative ge ye you
accusative eow you you
dative eow you you
genitive eower your your

Modern English forms of the second person pronoun do not show number contrast; they are absolutely invariant except for the possessive (and even here it is identical for both singular and plural). In fact, in Old English too there is some replication of forms, but not as much as there is in Middle English.

Pronouns in Early Modern English

Nominative Objective Genitive Possesive
1st Person
singular I me my / mine mine
1st Person
plural we us our ours
2nd Person
singular informal thou thee thy / thine thine
2nd Person
plural or formal singular ye you your yours
3rd Person
singular he/she/it him / her / it his / her / his (its) is /hers /his (its)
3rd Person
plural they them their theirs

Thou is nominative, thee, objective, and thy and thine are genitive and
absolute genitive. You, your, and yours, once only plural, have now taken over
the second person singular function, although some Quakers still use thee as
both nominative and objective.

Early Modern English Modern English

Thou hast You have /juː hæv/
She hath She has
What hast thou? What do you have?
What hath she? What does she have?

8. Which language families does Modern English belong in?

The language families include American English, Australian English, British English, Canadian English, Caribbean English, Hiberno-English, Indo-Pasistani English, New Zealand English, Philippine English, Singaporean English and South African English.

9. Name 4 worldwide uses for Modern English.

The use of Modern English in different areas such as: In communications, science, business, aviation...

10. In your opinion, what was the greatest influence on the spread of Modern English around the world? Why?

In my opinion, the mayor influence of the spread of Modern English are economical, socio-cultural and political factors since the industrial revolution and by the other hand, is the globalization of markets, the finding in science and technology because they have generated new occupations and professions that require having working knowledge of English.

11. There has been a lot of controversy over the true authorship of Shakespeare's writings. Which 3 people are also candidates as the possible authors of Shakespeare's plays?

There are 3 theories that hold that the Shakespeare play's were written by: Sir Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, Edward de Vere.

12. Briefly explain The Oxfordian Theory.

The case for Oxford's authorship is based on perceived similarities between Oxford's biography and events in Shakespeare's plays and sonnets.; parallels of language, idiom, and thought between Oxford's letters and the Shakespearean canon; and underlined passages in Oxford's Bible that may correspond to quotations in Shakespeare's plays.

13. Shakespeare wrote 38 plays, which according to the Folio Classification, fall into 3 categories. Name the 3 categories.

The 38 plays are classified in three categories: COMEDIES, HISTORIES AND TRAGEDIES

14. In which town was Shakespeare born?

He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England.

15. Which famous London theatre (built by actors, for actors) is connected with Shakespeare's plays?

English Renaissance theatre, also called early-modern theatre.

16. Even though Richard III is the most performed play, Hamlet is Shakespeare's most famous play. In your opinion, what does this portion of Hamlet's famous soliloquy mean:

To be or not to be, that is the question;
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing, end them.
To die, to sleep;No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to — 'tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish'd.
To die, to sleep;To sleep, perchance to dream. Ay, there's the rub,...

HAMLET, IT IS A BEAUTIFUL AND FAMOUS PLAYWRITE!

I think, lines describe a person who felt very sad, depressed, confused.I get the impression, lines are expressing man’s fears and worries about his life or destine.

17. Name 5 post-Shakespearean artists whose work was heavily influenced by the writings of William Shakespeare.

Shakespeare influenced artists such as Benjamin Jonson, Thomas Hardy, William Faulkner, Charles John Huffam Dickens, Herman Melville.

18. Which of Shakespeare's plays are included in The Wars of the Roses series?

Some of the events of these wars were dramatized by Shakespeare in the history plays Richard II; Henry IV, Part 1; Henry IV, Part 2; Henry V; Henry VI, Part 1; Henry VI, Part 2; Henry VI, Part 3; and Richard III.

19. Shakespeare wrote most of his works in blank verse composed in iambic pentameter. What is blank verse & iambic pentameter?

POETRY STYLE:

Blank verse: It is a regular meter, but lines do not establish rhyme.
Iambic pentameter: It is a used in poetry and drama. It describes a particular rhythm.

20. Name 4 actors from Shakespeare’s original company.

Richard Burbage, William Kempe, Henry Condell and John Heminges

21. What were the Wars of the Roses (1377-1485)?

The Wars of the Roses were civil battles, power struggle between two England royal families because York and Lancaster Royal Houses wanted the administration of England.

22. Why was this war called the Wars of the Roses?

The war was called the wars of the Roses because the York’s distinctive was a white rose and the Lancaster´s distinctive was a red rose.

23. What were the names of the 2 houses which fought in this war?

The two Royal houses’ name are: York and Lancaster Houses.

24. What prompted this civil war to begin?

Arguments, power struggle between Royal England families because both Royal families wanted to rule England.

25. How did the war end?

Behind death of Eduardo IV, occurred in April, 1483, his brother Ricardo usurped the throne, converting in Ricardo III, whereas the Lancaster ´supporters looked for the leadership of Enrique Tudor, whom would be Enrique VII, founder of dynasty Tudor. In august, 1485, the Ricardo and Enrique’s military armies were confronted in the decisive battle of Bosworth Field, the last and the most important of the whole of the war. Ricardo was killed in the Battle, Enrique Tudor ascended to the throne and one year later he got married with Isabel York, the Eduardo IV´s daughter as result the two houses were united.
Finally, the war ended with the victory of the Lancastrian Henry Tudor, who founded the House of Tudor which subsequently ruled England and Wales for 116 years.

26. Which Kings of England were participants in the Wars of the Roses?


Enrique VI
Margarita de Anjou
Ricardo Plantagenet
Eduardo IV
Ricardo III
Enrique VII
IsabelTudor

assigment 2 / middle English/ Mariel Pizarro/Vinska Sandoval

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight

ANSWERS:

1. Middle English was spoken between the Norman invasion of 1066 and about 1470.

2. There were two factors which led the development of the Middle English:

a. When the Chancery Standard, a form of London- based English, began to become widespread.

b. A process aided by the introduction of the printing press into England. The language of England as spoken after this time, up to 1650, is known as Early Modern English.

3. Modern English words. The first of each pair is derived from Old English and the second is of Anglo-Norman origin:

Pig / pork cow/ beef, wood/forest, sheep/mutton, house/mansion, worthy/ honorable, bold/courageus

4. Nouns: Losing the rather more complex system of inflected endings in Old English, Middle English retains only two separate noun-ending patterns. :Example: the early Modern English words engel (angel) and nome (name): singular: engel / plural: engles, The strong -s plural form has survived into Modern English, while the weak -n form is rare (oxen, children, brethren ; and in some dialects eyen [instead of eyes], shoon [instead of shoes], hosen [instead of hose(s)] and kine [instead of cows]).

Verbs: The first person singular of verbs in the present tense ends in -e ("ich here" - "I hear"), the second person in -(e)st ("þou spekest" - "thou speakest"), and the third person in -eþ ("he comeþ" - "he cometh/he comes"). ( b is pronounced like the unvoiced th in "think").
In the past tense, weak verbs are formed by adding an -ed(e), -d(e) or -t(e) ending. These, without their personal endings, also form past participles, together with past-participle prefixes derived from Old English: i-, y- and sometimes bi-.
Strong verbs, by contrast, form their past tense by changing their stem vowel: binden/bound , as in Modern English.

Pronouns
Post-Conquest English inherits its pronouns from Old English, with the exception of the third person plural, a borrowing from Old Norse.

Middle English pronouns:

(subject: I, Object: me, possessive: min )

(subject: thou, Object: thee, Possessive: thy)

(it/subject: hit, Object: it/him, Possessive: his)

(he/subject:he, Object: him, Posessive:his)

(she/subject: sche, Object: hire, Possessive: hir)

(we/subject: we, Object: us, Possessive: ure)

(you/subject: ye, Object: you, Possessive: your)

(they/ subject: they, Object: them, Possessive:their)

(he/ subject: he, Object: hem, Possesive: hir)

Here are the Old English pronouns. Middle English pronouns derived from these

First person:

Singular :mom/ic, ihic, ih
Plural : wē, ūsic, ūs,ūser, ūre,ūs

Second person:

Singular:þū,þec, þē,þīn,þē

plural:gē,ēowic, ēow, ēower, ēow

Third Person
masc/fem/net/pl
mom hē heo hit hie
acc. hine/ hie / hit/ hie

The first and second person pronouns in Old English survived into Middle English largely unchanged, with only minor spelling variations.

The overall trend was the gradual abolition of the now useless distinctions between the nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases. It was word order which now defined the meaning in a sentence, instead of the case ending of the pronoun.

5. Pronounciation:

Generally, all letters in Middle English words were pronounced. Which means that pronunciation is no longer closely reflected by the written form because of fixed spelling constraints imposed by the invention of dictionaries and printing.)

In earlier Middle English all written vowels were pronounced. By Chaucer's time, however, the final e had become silent in normal speech, but could optionally be pronounced in verse as the meter required (but was normally silent when the next word began with a vowel). Chaucer followed these conventions.: -e is silent in 'kowthe' and 'Thanne', but is pronounced in 'straunge', 'ferne', 'ende', etc.

6. Chancery Standard was:

- A written form of English used by government bureaucracy for official purposes, from the late 14th century, largely based on the London and East Midland dialect.

-It contributed in a significant way to the development of the English language as spoken and written today.

7. It was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century

8. Characters from all classes, upper and lower, religious such as aprioress, monk and a Pardoner, a shipman, miller, carpenter, reeve, squire, yeoman and a knight, among others.

9. They set out on a pilgrimage from London to Canterbury to pay their respects to the tomb of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Catherdaral.

10. The Decameron (subtitle: Prencipe Galeotto) is a collection of 100 novellas by Italian author Giovanni Boccacio.

11. We think, it is important for the following points:

First: It was written in the 14th century, in Middle English, between the Norman invasion of 1066 and about 1470, when the CHANCERY STANDARD, began to become widespread.

Second: It is considered a Magnum opus, mainly for their literary contribution.

third: It was written by the father of English Language, a person who shape the Native Language.

Finally: It is an old collection of tales that shows us: Which were the society's values, how people lived, how they spoke and wrote.

12. A detailed explanation of the behaviour for all knights in Medieval Europe.

13. He is a King Arthur's nephew and a Knight of the Round Table who appears very early in the Arthurian legend's development.

14. The green knight asked for someone in the court to strike him once with his axe, on condition that he will return the blow one year and one day later.

15. They were written in middle english and each one tell about folks and Mythological tales, aventures, heroes, nobles, kings, games, challenges, simbols which represents abtract ideas and values such as weakness and strength.

16. The pentangle, represent Gawain's virtues. The pentagle on Gawain's shield is seen by many critics as signifying Gawain's perfection and power over evil. Many poets use the symbol of the circle to show infinity or endlessness.

17. For example, three kisses are exchanged between Gawain and Bertilak's wife; Gawain is tempted by her on three separate days; Bertilak goes hunting three times, and the Green Knight swings at Gawain three times with his axe. The number two also appears repeatedly, two confession scenes, and two castles.

16. The five points of the pentangle, represent Gawain's virtues, "faithful five ways and five times each".

18. To separate reasoning from courage. By accepting the girdle from the lady, he employs reason to do something less than courageous (he evaded death in a dishonest way). Gawain's wound is thus an outward sign of an internal wound.

19. A television and movie actor, Miles O'Keeffe.

20. We could compare it with: "La Quintrala", "Los grandes Heroes de la Historia de Chile" and "Los Pincheira" soap operas.

Assignment 1/beowulf/Mariela Pizarro

Answers:

1. When was Old English spoken?

It was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid -12th centrury.

2. Name 4 language groups which influenced the development of Old English.
It has influencias of 4 languages such as: Germanic, latin, norse , Celtic.

3. In the Phonology section, name 5 phonetical differences between Old English & Modern English.

[dʒ] is an allophone of /j/ occurring after /n/ and when geminated.
[ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ occurring before /k/ and /g/
[v, ð, z] are allophones of /f, θ, s/ respectively, occurring between vowels or voiced consonants
[ç, x] are allophones of /h/ occurring in coda position after front and back vowels respectively
[ɣ] is an allophone of /g/ occurring after a vowel, and, at an earlier stage of the language, in the syllable onset.

4. Are there any similarites between Old English and Modern English? Name them.

Morphology:
Both, old english and Modern english are morphological diversity and is spelled ssentially as it is pronounced. It maintains several distinct cases: the nominative, accusative,genitive, dative and instrumental, remnants of which survive only in a few pronouns in in modern English.

Syntax:

The word order of Old English is widely believed to be subject-verb-object as in modern English. The word order of Old English, however, was not overly important due to the aforementioned morphology of the language. As long as declension was correct, it did not matter whether you said, "My name is..." as "Mīn nama is..." or "Nama mīn is..."

5. In the Orthography section, enlarge the picture of the runic alphabet. How many letters (runes) are there in this alphabet?

I think, there are 34 letters.

6. Which epic poem was originally written in Old English?

The manuscript "Beowulf".

7. In the See Also section, click on: Beowulf. Appoximately when was Beowulf written?

It was written between the 8th and the early 11th centuries.

8. Even though Beowulf was written in England, the story takes place in which countries?

The relates events took place in Denmark and Sweden.

9. In the poem, which 3 antagonists does Beowulf battle or fight against?

The three antagonists are: Grende, Grendel's mother and dragon.

10. What happens to Beowulf at the end of the story?

Beowulf is fatally wounded in the final battle, and after his death he is buried in a barrow in Geatland by his retainers.

11. Who was the author of Beowulf?

The author of Beowulf is unknown.

12. What were the titles and the dates of the two film versions of Beowulf?

Beowulf & Grendel (2005), Grendel ( 2007), Beowulf (2007), and Beowulf:
Prince of the Geats (2008).

Due: Monday March 23rd, 2009